Diemut Bubeck in her 1995 book Care, Gender and Justice holds that “care does not require any emotional attachment.”

“[Diemut] Bubeck [in her 1995 book Care, Gender and Justice] distinguishes care from “service”, by stipulating that “care” involves meeting the needs for others who cannot meet their needs themselves, whereas “service” involves meeting the needs of individuals who are capable of self-care.”